Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya - cover our country's exceptionally high biodiversity regions. This region's forests have been severely depleted, mainly due to population pressure, logging and agricultural development. Reptiles The highest levels of vertebrate endemism in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot are among reptiles and amphibians. These areas are the biodiversity hotspots, 36 regions where success in conserving species can have an enormous impact in securing our global biodiversity. Sundaland. But you'd be hard-pressed to find another 2.5% of the planet that's more important. 5. India has nine hornbill species, of which four are found in the Western Ghats: Indian Grey Hornbill (endemic to India), the Malabar Grey Hornbill (endemic to the Western Ghats), Malabar Pied Hornbill (endemic to India and Sri Lanka) and the widely distributed but endangered Great Hornbill. The falls are nurtured by dense forests that are protected in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Adaption of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Also, in most hotspots, conservation efforts are constrained . in the southern Western Ghats. The blue-winged parakeet, also known as the Malabar parakeet is endemic to the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot of India. 2000; Mittermeier et al. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. The Lion tailed macaque is a flagship species of the Western . Internationally recognized as a region of immense global importance for the conservation of biological diversity, it treasures a total of 39 properties . Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats, Sri-Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of bio-diversity. -natural environment -The area must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants -lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation -25 hotspots -9 added Western Ghats and Sri Lanka question 9 question 6 question 10 question 7 question 8 1986) estimate that there are 4,000 species with 1,500 endemic (almost 38%), whereas the "Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund (CEPF) Western Ghats hotspot" website (2007) says that there are 5,000 species, with 1,700 endemics (34%). Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) (2007). Species richness 2. Species richness . The Western Ghats form a part of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka global biodiversity hotspot. The Western Ghats, extending along the west coast of India, covers an area of 180,000 square kilometers. BirdLife International recognize Sri Lanka as one of the world's Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs). Pilgrims bathe at a waterfall in the southern "spa" of Coutrallam. as a super-hotspot within the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. We show, using molecular phylogenies of two invertebrate and four vertebrate groups, that biotic interchange between these areas . Indo-Burma Region. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia & Paleo Data Lab . Dahanukar, N, Raut, R. & Bhat, A. The western slopes of the mountains in the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall, while the eastern slopes are WESTERN GHATS & SRI LANKA BIODIVERSITY TARGET 2020 TARGET: 17% protected 2015: 20.2% PROTECTED 16.1% I-IV 4.1% NA Western Ghats & Sri Lanka Hotspot Neighboring Hotspot Protected Area (IUCN Category I-IV) Protected Area (IUCN Category V-VI) Protected Area (IUCN Category NA) Urban Area Agriculture (0-100% landuse) Roads Railroads 198,824 km2 . The Western Ghats comprises the major portion of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Hotspot, one of 34 global biodiversity hotspots for conservation and one of the two on the Indian subcontinent. Together with Western Ghats, Sri Lanka forms Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot.It is considered one of the eight super-hotspots. 2020 Aug;193(4):801-809. doi: 10.1007/s00442-020-04671-3. There are 34 biodiversity hot spots across the globe, among which three occur in India such as the Western Ghats & Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma (North East India) and the Himalayas. One area in which the program was transformative was in supporting the emergence of an effective conservation movement in the region. Lists of mammals restricted to Sri Lanka, the Western Ghats, or the hotspot as a whole are given in (7-10). Ooty is called the Queen of the Western . Biodiversity hotspot is a place where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat (Myers et al., 2000). The Western Ghats part of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka hotspot harbors two endemic terrestrial chelonians, the Cochin forest cane turtle Vijayachelys silvatica and the Travancore tortoise Indotestudo travancorica . Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka) 1. Sri Lanka together with the Western Ghats is one of the biodiversity hotspots. The word biodiversity hotspot explicitly refers to areas around the world that are biologically abundant and have lost at least 70% of their original habitat. The family Anacardiaceae . The Western Ghats is a mountain range that covers an area of 160,000 km 2 (62,000 sq mi) in a stretch of 1,600 km (990 mi) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, traversing the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. ( 2000 ). There are 34 hotspots of biodiversity worldwide, three of which occur in India, including the Western Ghats & Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma (North East India) and the Himalayas. Locally they are also known as the Sahyadris. 2000). Some of the ecorigions also included in Global 200 list too. The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. Endemism in butterflies is closely linked to the endemism of their host plants. 6.8%) remains6. More than 500,000 images and video clips online, from tigers to turtles and elephants to sharks. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. G. G. The Western Ghats (WG) is a vast montane forest ecosystem known for its biodiversity and endemism. Sri Lanka is an island 65,610 km2 in area situated close to the south east corner of the peninsula of India. A hotspot must have lost at least 70% of its original habita 3. Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity : 1. We placed 16 transects between 45 and 950 m elevation a.s.l. Are western ghats and Eastern Himalayas a biodiversity hotspots of India? The Western Ghats is a mountain range that covers an area of 160,000 km 2 (62,000 sq mi) in a stretch of 1,600 km (990 mi) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, traversing the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. The Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot is often regarded as one unit because of shared biogeographical history. Species delineation in Hylarana is complicated due to a lack of distinct colour differences or striking morphological characters, leading to potential misidentification. Although all the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 percent of the earth's land area, the number o f species they collectively harbour is extremely high and strict protection of these hotspots could reduce the ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent. in Sri Lanka. Aim of project. CEPF Strategy About this hotspot CEPF's investment focused only on the Western Ghats portion of the hotspot and had a significant aggregate impact. in the Western Ghats, and 41 transects between 90 and 2200 m elevation a.s.l. The Western Ghats mountain range of the southwest portion of India, along with Sri Lanka, is represented as one of the important biodiversity hotspot in the world (Myers et al. There is a total of 35 hotspots all over the world. CEPF (2013). Sri Lanka island in the Indian Ocean located close to the equator. There are 34 hotspots of biodiversity worldwide, three of which occur in India, including the Western Ghats & Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma (North East India) and the Himalayas. The Western Ghats comprises the major portion of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Hotspot, one of 34 global biodiversity hotspots for conservation and one of the two on the Indian subcontinent. the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, with the description of seven new species S.D. Population estimates as well as information on the scale and intensity of threats for these chelonians are largely unavailable. Abstract The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. Conservation management of the Indian subcontinent will benefit from further characterization of the heterogeneity of biodiversity down to more local scales. The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka . Which plant is known as Queen of Western Ghats? The Western Ghats region of India is one of the most important areas for the conservation of biodiversity, it's recognised as an UNESCO world heritage site and noted as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity. A close affinity between the biotas of the island and the Western Ghats has been recognized ever since Wallace ( 1876) proposed that the two regions 'must be united in any zoo-geographical province'. A systematic revision of the genus Hylarana in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot is presented. 1. The level of Sri Lanka with the southernmost part of the limited biotic interchange has left both areas endemism on continental islands is therefore Western Ghats, a hill range along the west with an unexpectedly large number of expected to reflect the number and duration coast of India (Fig. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: . For example the Western Ghats has the Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis johni), a leaf-eating monkey found in sholas and rainforests in the southern Ghats. The Western Ghats harbours 330 species out of Indian butterfly fauna of 1501 species. 2004 ). they contain several endemic animal and plant species which are recognised as being dis-tinct at a high taxonomic level [1]. 1A). the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka as a single hotspot carries with it the danger of overlooking strong biogeographic structure within this region (28, 29). Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Western part of the Indian Peninsula and country of Sri Lanka: 26: East Melanesian Islands: These are the following. The Eastern Himalayas. Ethno-botanical importance . Sri Lanka has the similar- The term biodiversity hotspot specifically refers to biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 per cent of their original habitat. The area is extraordinarily rich in biodiversity. G. G. Western ghats & Sri Lanka, Indo Burma and the Himalayas are therefore India's hot spots of biodiversity. The Sri Lanka Frogmouth and Malabar Trogon are both found across the Western Ghats/Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. The Western Ghats is home to about 11,000 animals, while in Sri Lanka the species has been nearly extirpated from the wet zone and only about 2,500 survive elsewhere on the island. The forests of the Western Ghats include some of the best representatives of non equatorial tropical evergreen forests in the world. They run parallel to the west coast of India and run across the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. HIMALAYA The Himalaya Hotspot is home to the world's highest mountains, including Mt. The decadal variability of WG summer monsoon rainfall is higher than most of the other regions of . However, recent studies suggest that certain faunal. The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot extends in a narrow strip through south-west India and into the geologically related island of Sri Lanka. There are, of course, distinct endemic species that are specialised to either the Western Ghats or Sri Lanka. We conducted extensive surveys throughout the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot and performed multiple . Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment, Bangalore. Hotspots revisited—Earth's biologically richest and most endangered ecoregions (Eds R. A. Mittermeier, P. R. Gil, M. Hoffmann, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C. G . To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two criteria: 1. the area needs to contain at least 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants, 2. to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat (Myers et al. The Western Ghats, extending along the west coast of India, covers an area of 180,000 square kilometers (Figure 1). Western Ghats and Sri Lanka What is a hotspot and what are the criteria? Endemism 4. 4. The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot is extraordinarily rich in endemic species of birds, mammals & vegetation. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. Of these, 37 species are narrow endemics found only in the Western Ghats and 23 species are endemic to Sri Lanka as well (Gaonkar, 1996). It is characterised by high rainfall on its western side due to the monsoon. A total of 3 biodiversity hotspots in this region include: Eastern Himalayas; . Vegetation density 3. Endemism . Together with the Western Ghats, the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka is regarded as one of the eight 'hottest hotspots' for biodiversity in the world, with exceptionally high levels of . *Ecosystem Profile: Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot, Western Ghats Region. The Western Ghats hill range along India's west coast (7° N to 21° N), along with Sri Lanka, is recognised as one of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots ( Kumar et al. References and Notes 1. Western Ghats, also known as the "Sahyadri Hills" encompasses the mountain forests in the southwestern parts of India and highlands of southwestern Sri Lanka. There has been an exponential increase in the number of new amphibian species discovered in the Western Ghats in the last decade. Vegetation density . The forests and other remnant habitats in hotspots represent just 2.5% of Earth's land surface. Two monotypic genera - Ghatarbela gen. nov. and Micrarbela gen. nov. - from the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot Authors Roman V. Yakovlev Altai State University, pr. At least 325 globally threatened (IUCN Red Data List) species occur in the Western Ghats. In the southern part of the range is Anamudi (2,695 metres (8,842 ft)), the highest peak in the Western Ghats. Between latitudes 5°.55′ - 9°.50′ north and longitudes 79°.42′ - 81°.52′ east and area . "The global importance of the island's biodiversity has placed Sri Lanka together with the Western Ghats of India among the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world". THIS AREA QUALIFIES AS A HOTSPOT BECAUSE: 1. ( 2004 ), we divided the elevation gradient into low (0-800 m), mid (800-1450 m), and high elevation (1450 m and above) regions. FIVE YEAR ASSESSMENT OF THE CEPF INVESTMENT IN THE WESTERN GHATS REGION OF THE WESTERN GHATS AND SRI LANKA BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment . The following is a list of ecoregions in Sri Lanka.Due to High rainfall and even sunlight throughout the year, Sri Lanka exhibits a great variety in ecoregions in all living habitats. 2. the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka as a single hotspot carries with it the danger of overlooking strong biogeographic structure within this region (28, 29). in southern India and Sri Lanka. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. Out of the 1581 new species of amphibians discovered between 2006 and 2015, the second-highest number were from the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, numbering approximately 159. Endemism is particularly marked among amphibians, with over 75% of subcontinent species restricted to this region alone [2,3]. Frogs in particular dominate these assemblages, and the family Rhacophoridae is chief among these, with hundreds of endemic species. The aim of this project is to provide resources that are essential for guiding decisions on the conservation and sustainable management of freshwater biodiversity in the Western Ghats region of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot. Nature Picture Library offers the best nature photographs and footage from the world's finest photographers, to license for commercial and creative use. Extending along the West coast of India, the Western Ghats contains more than 30 percent of all plant, fish, reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal species found in the country. WESTERN GHATS AND SRI LANKA Hotspot Hotspot Original Extent 189,611 km² The Western Ghats of southwestern India and the highlands of southwest Sri Lanka which are 400 kilometres apart are strikingly identical in their geology, climate and evolutionary history. The Travancore flying squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus) occurs in the forests of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, a global biodiversity hotspot, and is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN… Today, both areas are endemics. The Western Ghats of India and highlands of Sri Lanka are a global biodiversity hotspot, i.e. Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Threat perception 6. Conservation management of the Indian subcontinent will benefit from further characterization of the heterogeneity of biodiversity down to more local scales. A hotspot must contain at least 1500 species of vascular plants as endemics, this area has over 1600 species of vascular plants as endemics. This mountain chain is recognized as one of the world's eight 'hottest hotspots' of biological diversity along with Sri Lanka. 75 pp. the scale of the conservation challenge in these places is, on average, greater than elsewhere. For example, in the Western Ghats/Sri Lanka (WG/SL) biodiversity hotspot, forest loss has been so rapid that out of the original extent of 182,500 km2 of primary vegeta-tion only 12,450 km2 (i.e. References and Notes 1. 2011). Within this mountainous area, which covers around 140,000km 2 and stretches some 1,600 km through India, there are at least 325 globally threatened .
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